heat of vaporization of cddt

Vapour forms due to the boiling of fuel in the fuel lines, as the result of excessive heating of the engine in hot weather or operation of the vehicle in high altitude regions that lowers the boiling point of the fuel because of which the vapor lock occurs. [all data], Diogo, Santos, et al., 1995 Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment; T boil: 353.9 0.2: K: AVG: N/A: Average of 93 out of 116 values; Individual data points Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment; T fus: 279.6 0.3 Go To: Top, Phase change data, References, Notes. DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr. Parks, G.S. Chem., 1947, 39, 4, 517-540, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50448a022 You idly notice both the sweat beads on your arms and the chunks of ice floating at the top of your water glass. Eng. [all data], Parks, Huffman, et al., 1930 The boiling point varies with the pressure of the environment or the atmospheric pressure. This structure makes ice less dense than liquid water. The meaning of HEAT OF VAPORIZATION is heat absorbed when a liquid vaporizes; specifically : the quantity of heat required at a specified temperature to convert unit mass of liquid into vapor. 4. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. [all data], Willingham, Taylor, et al., 1945 2021 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce As such, the heat of vaporization of metals is much higher than that of water. Eng. and Informatics, NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data), Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid, Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions. Since living things, from human beings to bacteria, have a high water content, understanding the unique chemical features of water in its three states is key to biology. So, the direct transition of solid into the gaseous state is sublimation. Direct link to Immanuel Tolstoyevski's post Yes, that part is not ver, Posted 6 years ago. Ans: It is a type of vaporization in which a small amount of material, i.e., 5-100 L of the substance is deposited in the electrically conductive vaporization cell. Figure 1: Heat imparts energy into the system to overcome the intermolecular interactions that hold the liquid together to generate vapor. Water has high specific heat. Ser., 1990, 86, 279, 122-7. [all data], Gaw and Swinton, 1968, 2 Direct link to miluutin's post In this paragraph of heat, Posted 7 years ago. When a cell freezes, its watery contents expand and its membrane (just like the soda bottle) is broken into pieces. Williamham, C.B. Youve just been out in the sun for awhile, and youre sweating quite a bit as you sit down and grab a glass of cool ice water. errors or omissions in the Database. and Informatics, NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2, Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid, Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions, Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions. In this article, we will discuss how vaporization occurs, types of vaporization, in detail. . Data compilation copyright Boiling occurs only when the equilibrium vapor pressure of the substance is greater than or equal to the environmental/atmospheric pressure. Chem. The Heat Capacity of Gaseous Cyclopentane, Cyclohexane and Methylcyclohexane, Chem. In other words, water has a high. The vaporization of a liquid is closely associated with a significant increase in the distance between molecules and a reduction in their interactions. Water absorbs heat slowly and releases heat when there is less sun. Am. Collect. Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) NIST subscription sites provide data under the The land cools faster than the sea once the sun goes down, and the slow-cooling water can release heat to nearby land during the night. Ser., 1974, 70, 140, 14-21. Sci. . 518. Am. 'Hiemal,' 'brumation,' & other rare wintry words. It is the amount of energy or enthalpy added to a liquid substance to transform a given quantity of that substance into a gas phase. On the other hand, when the temperature drops and water freezes, water molecules form a crystal structure maintained by hydrogen bonding (as there is too little heat energy left to break the hydrogen bonds). (Moscow), 1965, 38, 378-383. (Leipzig), 1973, 253, 43-48. Water has a high heat of vaporization because hydrogen bonds form readily between the oxygen of one molecule and the hydrogens of other molecules. Database and to verify that the data contained therein have ; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E., Chem. DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing The vaporization of a liquid is closely associated with a significant increase in the distance between molecules and a reduction in their interactions. Direct link to Quin Keza's post i don't understand really, Posted 3 years ago. One thing to note is that heat is required to convert solid or liquid into a gaseous (steam) state. In this paragraph of heat of vaporization I got a bit confused by these numbers: "Waters heat of vaporization depends on the temperature: it's around 540 cal/g at 100 C (water's boiling point) and around 580 cal/g at 25 C (room temperature).". When evaporation occurs in a closed container, it proceeds until all the molecules inside the liquid escape. Another part of the answer is the ice prevents evaporative cooling, the liquid water molecules become physically trapped and so the ones with the highest kinetic energy can't escape, which would reduce the overall average kinetic energy and thus temperature of the water (see Sal's video on evaporative cooling). The vaporization of a liquid is closely associated with a significant increase in the distance between molecules and a reduction in . Specific heat capacity and heat of vaporization of water. Evaporation occurs at temperatures lower than the boiling temperature at a given pressure, it always occurs on the surface. Direct link to svetlana4ered's post But why is the distance b, Posted a year ago. Also known as enthalpy of vaporization, the heat of vaporization (Hvap) is defined by the amount of enthalpy (heat energy) that is required to transform a liquid substance into a gas or vapor. Commun., 1979, 44, 3, 637-651, https://doi.org/10.1135/cccc19790637 Why is it harmful for living things to freeze? Chem. Gas-liquid critical properties of the cycloalkanes and their mixtures, And since it is frozen at an expanded state with molecules further apart, it is less dense than water which has it's molecules closer together. AIChE Symp. Though, the term is not well-defined; however, this term applies to processes in which there is also significant melting. . Standard Reference Data Act. Follow the links above to find out more about the data For instance, the specific heat capacity of water is about five times greater than that of sand. This expansion will lead to much of the flooding that is currently estimated by climate scientists. . J. SRD 103a Thermo Data Engine (TDE) for pure compounds. Direct link to iShowRizz's post This is because when wate, Posted 7 years ago. Why is it important that water has a high heat of vaporization? Biology Dictionary. These bonds contain energy, and hold the liquid in a lower energy state. ; Fink, H.L., All rights reserved. ; Geyer, W.; Schmidt, H.; Geiseler, G., Technology, Office of Data [all data], Lee and Holder, 1993 Past this critical temperature, the substance is distinguishable neither as a liquid nor a vapor. J. Chem. Vapor-liquid equilibria in the systems toluene/naphthalene and cyclohexane/naphthalene, Chem., 1972, 25, 1625-30. Biologydictionary.net Editors. Specifically, in ice, the water molecules are pushed farther apart than they are in liquid water. J. Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions. Technology, Office of Data Czech. So when water reaches 0 degrees celsius it is frozen at an expanded state. All rights reserved. When a system captures hear from its surroundings, there is a temperature rise. The purpose of the fee is to recover costs associated BUR. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. . In a solution containing both the liquid and gaseous states, the kinetic energy of the vapor is higher than that of the liquid because the particles of vapor are able to flow more easily. Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties of Elements and Compounds. Cruickshank, Austin J.B.; Cutler, A.J.B., Direct link to JLD's post In the last paragraph it , Posted 6 years ago. Some formhydrogen bonds, while other substances form other types of mild bonds between molecules. 2. Chem. A small magnitude of electric current is supplied to the cell. XVII. Data, 1963, 8, 3, 371-381, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60018a027 (kJ/mol) J. following TRC products: Daubert, 1996 (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical [all data], Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1989 All rights reserved. Commun., 1973, 38, 12, 3539-3543, https://doi.org/10.1135/cccc19733539 The layer which is most closer to the air, interacts with air molecules. Post the Definition of heat of vaporization to Facebook, Share the Definition of heat of vaporization on Twitter, More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary, Expanded definitions, etymologies, and usage notes. 5. Hv = q / m. Wherein, Hv = vaporization heat. The enthalpy of vaporization is generally considered for the normal boiling temperature of the substance whose value is usually corrected to 298 K. Q2: Describe Electrochemical Vaporization. Data compiled as indicated in comments: Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data. Diogo, Hermnio P.; Santos, Rui C.; Nunes, Paulo M.; Minas da Piedade, Manuel E., Eng. [all data], Teja and Anselme, 1990 Gierycz, Pawel; Kosowski, Andrzej; Swietlik, Ryszard, We provide you year-long structured coaching classes for CBSE and ICSE Board & JEE and NEET entrance exam preparation at affordable tuition fees, with an exclusive session for clearing doubts, ensuring that neither you nor the topics remain unattended. Standard Reference Data Act. Just as it takes a lot of heat to increase the temperature of liquid water, it also takes an unusual amount of heat to vaporize a given amount of water, because hydrogen bonds must be broken in order for the molecules to fly off as gas. Eng. However, this equation does not take into consideration the additional energy needed for the gas particles to push back against atmospheric pressure to allow for the increase in volume when a liquid boils. Lainez, A.; Rodrigo, M.M. J. Chem. The term vaporization was being used in colloquia/hyperbolic manner to allude to the physical destruction of an object/element that is exposed to intense heat or explosive force, where the object of large mass is split into small pieces rather than converting into gaseous form. Zh. The difference in volume between a substances liquid state and gaseous state. If a liquid uses 40 Joules of heat to vaporize two moles of liquid, what is the heat of vaporization? The pressure of the saturated vapor is expressed in mmHg; this pressure is also called the saturated vapor pressure. ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein [all data], Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 When the heat is raised (for instance, as water is boiled), the higher kinetic energy of the water molecules causes the hydrogen bonds to break completely and allows water molecules to escape into the air as gas. Hence, a more complete equation to calculate the heat of vaporization is: Where Uvap is the difference in internal energy between the vapor phase and the liquid phase (Uvap = Hvapor Hliquid), and pV is the work done against the ambient pressure. Boiling is similar to evaporation. The higher the speed, the greater the movement, the larger the likelihood that the particle will ricochet off the container or another particle in just the right way to escape. Study of a Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium in the Systems of Acetone/Methanol and Acetone/Cyclohexane at Temperatures 35, 45, 55 C and Pressure 760 Torr, Water is also used by warm-blooded animals to distribute heat through their bodies: it acts similarly to a cars cooling system, moving heat from warm places to cool places, helping the body keep an even temperature. Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) The heat capacities, entropies and free energies of some saturated, non-benzenoid hydrocarbons, Chem. Here, well take a closer look at the role of hydrogen bonding in temperature changes, freezing, and vaporization of water. Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) The heat capacity and entropy, heats of transition, fusion and vaporization and the vapor pressures of cyclohexane. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post The layer which is most c, Posted 3 years ago. Rotinjanz, L.; Nagornow, N., [all data], Majer and Svoboda, 1985 Natl. i don't understand really well how hydrogen bonds are oriented in ice, https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-DJGwXk7Zv8U/VnFQy3rcKpI/AAAAAAAAAQs/C8tsSMRycVo/s800-Ic42/structure%252520of%252520molecules.PNG. [all data], Kerns, Anthony, et al., 1974 Bildungsenthalpien und mesomerieenergien von -bindungssystemen, Ruehrwein, R.A.; Huffman, H.M., The amount of heat needed to be added to a substance from the environment. Kerns, W.J. Also known as enthalpy of vaporization, the heat of vaporization (H vap) is defined by the amount of enthalpy (heat energy) that is required to transform a liquid substance into a gas or vapor. . Soc., 1943, 65, 1620-1625. Hence, the temperature at which boiling occurs is the boiling temperature or boiling point. Proc. Eng. In the last paragraph it says: "In lakes and ponds, a layer of ice forms on top of the liquid water, creating an insulating barrier". . by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. Eng. Data compilation copyright Thermal data on organic compounds. We are not permitting internet traffic to Byjus website from countries within European Union at this time. Bur. At higher pressures, more energy is required. "Heat of Vaporization. Requires a JavaScript / HTML 5 canvas capable browser. [all data], Aston, Szasa, et al., 1943 Heat of Vaporization. You may have seen this for yourself if you've ever put a sealed glass container containing a mostly-watery food (soup, soda, etc.) Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! So the transfer of heat from water to air is slowed down by the layer of ice. Copyright for NIST Standard Reference Data is governed by [all data], Lubomska, Banas, et al., 2002 You must there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one thats only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. The amount of heat needed to be released from a substance into the environment. A small magnitude of electric current is supplied to the cell. Abt. The high-power densities generated by short-pulsed lasers let the vaporization occur with minimum thermal damage to the surrounding material. To save this word, you'll need to log in. The heat of vaporization always has what kind of value? Biologydictionary.net, June 06, 2017. https://biologydictionary.net/heat-of-vaporization/. by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. I'm afraid I can't articulate my question above or my current understanding below very well.. Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 Water's heat of vaporization is around 540 cal/g at 100 C, water's boiling point. J. Res. Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Chem., 1988, 66, 4, 783-790, https://doi.org/10.1139/v88-136 The site owner may have set restrictions that prevent you from accessing the site. . The solid would be suspended in the middle of the liquid without moving. View plot Evaporation is the surface process wherein sprinkles of liquid spread on the ground turn to steam when the surface is hot. Heat of vaporization calculates ______________. As such, water also has a high heat of vaporization. Database and to verify that the data contained therein have This, in turn, allows fine features to be formed without the production of any notable heat-affected zone or recast layer. This helps counter drastic shifts in temperature, which would be devastating to life. Evaporative cooling. AIChE Symp. As the molecules gain more kinetic energy, they become more likely to separate from the liquid and become a gas. on behalf of the United States of America. In fact, water takes over 40,000 Joules per mole to vaporize. Data, 1960, 5, 2, 196-200, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60006a019 Ans: The enthalpy of vaporization, i.e., symbolized as Hvap, is known as the latent heat of vaporization/heat of evaporation. in these sites and their terms of usage. It takes a lot of heat to increase the temperature of liquid water because some of the heat must be used to break hydrogen bonds between the molecules. Water molecules are very good at forming. uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Khim. Eng. Am. Am. At the surface of a liquid, why do some molecules evaporate but others do not? My question relates to it taking such a small amount of additional energy to raise the temperature 75 degrees when compared to raising it 10 degrees.. Data compiled as indicated in comments: [all data], Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1989 Volume III, - 355. Requested URL: byjus.com/heat-of-vaporization-formula/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/103.0.0.0 Safari/537.36. Czech. [all data], Marinichev and Susarev, 1965, 2 Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, . ; Andrews, D.H., (Left) Crystal structure of ice, with water molecules held in a regular 3D structure by hydrogen bonds. Part of the answer is that less dense materials conduct less heat, and thus slow down heat transfer. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein We all know that firstly ice converts to liquid and then this liquid turns into steam; however, there is a process that directly converts solid into gaseous form without turning to the liquid phase. Soc., 1943, 65, 1135-1139. The heat capacity of benzene-d6, such sites. Direct link to Marwan's post what is the difference be, Posted 7 years ago. The example includes the usage of the "vaporization" in 1952 the Ivy Mike thermonuclear test that was performed in the uninhabited Marshall Island of Elugelab. Stand. [all data], Majer, Svoboda, et al., 1979 J. Chem. The heat capacity, entropy and free energy of formation of cyclohexane. ; Susarev, M.P., [all data], Domalski and Hearing, 1996 J. . Heat of Siblimation of Molecular Crystals: A Catalog of Molecular Structure Increments., All rights reserved. The dependence of heats of vaporization of methanol, propanol, butanol, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and benzene on temperature, When a system captures hear from its surroundings, there is a, Evaporation occurs only when the partial/incomplete pressure of vapor of a substance/material is lower than the. and chemical property data is available from the Your institution may already be a subscriber. Soc., Trans., 1899, 75, 873. So, when there is a temperature rise, the atoms or molecules of a liquid or solid that are held together by cohesive forces, turn to adhesive forces, which in turn, separate the atoms or molecules to form the vapor; therefore, the heat of vaporization is a direct measure of these cohesive forces. Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/heat-of-vaporization/. J. In a liquid state, a certain substance forms many temporary, but strong bonds between molecules. 1986 results, Heat of Vaporization (J/g) Acetic acid. McCullough, J.P.; Person, W.B. is similar to evaporation. The Vapour Pressures, Specific Volumes and Critical Constants of Hexamethylene., Excess volumes and excess heaat capacitiies of some mixtures with trans,trans,cis-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene at 298.15K, Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. Chim. Heat is how fast the molecules are moving in a given object. Bondi, A., by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. (2017, June 06). Part 3.?Excess Gibbs free energy of the system hexafluorobenzene + cyclohexane, II. . Data, 1993, 38, 2, 320-323, https://doi.org/10.1021/je00010a034 Direct link to Ryan Hoyle's post Awesome question. Chem. Z. Phys. The enthalpy of vaporization (symbol H vap), also known as the (latent) heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the amount of energy that must be added to a liquid substance to transform a quantity of that substance into a gas.The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.. Ind. Young, C.L., Many metals form complex interactions with other metal atoms. C p,liquid: Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid: c H liquid: Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions J. Chem. By comparison, if the world were made of mostly ethanol, the temperature would fluctuate rapidly because ethanol has a much lower heat of vaporization and specific heat. Direct link to Hikari Akasaki's post Why do the fastest-moving, Posted 7 years ago. Lets imagine that its a hot day. We can understand this by thinking back to the case of a bottle of soda pop cracking in the freezer. ; Eubank, P.T., To get water to vaporize, you must increase the temperature to make the molecules move faster. DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing, Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Notes, Rauh, Geyer, et al., 1973 q = heat. the Prikl. Vedantu LIVE Online Master Classes is an incredibly personalized tutoring platform for you, while you are staying at your home. on behalf of the United States of America. Vapor-Liquid Equilibria in Binary Systems Formed by Cyclohexane with Alcohols, Young, S., Since the molecular pressure and the kinetic energy of each molecule inside the container is high because of the high temperature; therefore, more molecules escape the surface, and the saturated vapor pressure also increases. ; Taylor, W.J. All rights reserved. Chem. Alcohol, methyl (methanol alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits) 1100. Data, 1996, 25, 1, 1, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555985 This is because when water goes lower than 4 degrees celsius it expands. In a liquid, the molecules move past each other but are constantly interacting. Critical Constants and Straight-Line Diameters of Ten Hydrocarbons, This causes water to easily vaporize, which helps humidify the world. into the freezer, only to have it crack or explode as the liquid water inside froze and expanded. Excess volumes and excess heaat capacitiies of some mixtures with trans,trans,cis-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene at 298.15K, Meaning the molecules are further apart. The Heats of Vaporization and Vapor Heat Capacities of Some Dimethylcyclohexanes 1, That means the water suddenly escapes into the atmosphere (no formation of bubbles or something). (S.-Peterburg), 1965, 38, 378. Organic and Inorganic Compounds, Data, 1989, 34, 332-335. In lakes and ponds, a layer of ice forms on top of the liquid water, creating an insulating barrier that protects the animals and plant life in the pond below from freezing. BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein Temperature dependence of heats of vaporization of saturated hydrocarbons C5-C8; Experimental data and an estimation method, Will the solid float or sink? Tr = reduced temperature (T / Tc). 2023. K. See also. While the ocean can absorb much of this heat, it has limits. The Heat of Vaporization (also called the Enthalpy of Vaporization) is the heat required to induce this phase change. Yes, that part is not very clear. (1 Tr) The below diagram shows how the saturation occurs: A Vapor lock is a partial/complete interruption/disruption of the fuel flow in an internal-combustion engine that is caused by the formation of vapor or bubbles of gas in the fuel-feeding system. But here goes.. What if you drop a solid into a liquid and they both have the same density. ; Susarev, M.P., J. Chem. Data compilation copyright InChI=1S/C12H18/c1-2-4-6-8-10-12-11-9-7-5-3-1/h1-2,7-10H,3-6,11-12H2/b2-1-,9-7+,10-8+, National Institute of Standards and [all data], Go To: Top, Phase change data, References. If the heat of vaporization for H20 is 2357 J/g, calculate the total amount of heat energy that required to vaporize 145 grams of H20. Direct link to Alex's post The solid would be suspen, Posted 7 years ago. Am. The critical properties of thermally stable and unstable fluids. It is also known as the phase transition from the liquid to the gas phase, but boiling is the formation of vapor as bubbles of high-temperature water below the surface of the liquid just like we keep the water jar on a high flame, it turns to bubbles and then the steam escapes into the atmosphere. (U.S.), 1945, 35, 3, 219-244, https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.035.009 Aston, J.G. ; Swinton, F.L., Why ice floats. . Delivered to your inbox! with the development of data collections included in Direct link to Ron Feldman's post My question is related to, Posted 4 years ago. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST Instead, it becomes known as a supercritical fluid. Data, 2002, 47, 6, 1466-1471, https://doi.org/10.1021/je025540l In liquid water, hydrogen bonds are constantly being formed and broken as the water molecules slide past each other. Collect. Thanks to your hard work studying the properties of water, you recognize both the sweat on your arms and the floating ice cubes in your glass as examples of water's amazing capacity for hydrogen bonding. It is measured in Joules per mole (J/mol), or sometimes in Calories (C). been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. Ebulliometric apparatus for the measurement of enthalpies of vaporization, [all data], Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, References. m = mass of the substance. Vapor Pressures and Boiling Points of Some Paraffin, Alkylcyclopentane, Alkylcyclohexane, and Alkylbenzene Hydrocarbons, been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. We observe this gas as water vapor or steam. The increased movement in gas particles compared to liquid particles creates heat and pressure. . J. Prikl. shall not be liable for any damage that may result from Part 3. 2021 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce Ref. binary mixtures and chemical reactions, SRSD 2 Web Thermo Tables (WTT), "lite" edition, SRSD 3 Web Thermo Tables (WTT), professional edition, SRD 156 Clathrate Hydrate Physical Property Database, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(95)90678-9, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2. ", Biologydictionary.net Editors. Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with: Heat of vaporization. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heat%20of%20vaporization. Chem. [all data], Williamham, Taylor, et al., 1945

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