Exophthalmos is the most prevalent clinical sign associated with orbital disease. Antimicrobial-impregnated beads were not used in the rabbit of this report because of the open tract leading to the oral cavity. 2007 Jul 15;231(2):284-9. doi: 10.2460/javma.231.2.284. Malocclusions in guinea pigs, chinchillas and rabbits. Usually an abscess is the result of a bacterial infection. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. We believe that rabbits are intelligent and social beings. Copyright 2012 2012 by Susan Brown, DVM. http://www.VeterinaryPartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=503. Treatment options for retrobulbar abscesses are presently limited in pet rabbits, and in 1 review,20 the prognosis was considered to be guarded to grave. It is the bodys natural defences to try and wall off infection to stop it spreading elsewhere within the body. Abscesses in rabbits. I work at a vet clinic so I brought her in and she was in shock and we had to bolus 250 ml of normasol and put her on oxygen. Register today and take advantage of membership benefits. situated, occurring, or administered behind the eyeball See the full definition The owner was advised to monitor the rabbit's weight and have dental examinations repeated every 6 months. Anesthesia was discontinued, and the rabbit recovered from anesthesia without complications. .avma_container div{ Location. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of small exotic mammal dental disease. }. Euthanasia typically involves an injection into a main vein which will quickly and painlessly send the rabbit to sleep. In rabbits, unilateral exophthalmos may be caused by: Retrobulbar abscess : Pasteurella has frequently been implicated as the cause of these abscesses, although culture is rarely performed. Abnormal ocular or oculonasal discharge can also develop as a consequence of the eye irritation and the rabbit may show signs of discomfort such as excessive blinking and grinding teeth. The .gov means its official. Pharmocokinetics of penicillin-G in serum and nasal washing of Pasterella multocida free and infected rabbits. Careers. The long-term use of topical and systemic antibiotic preparations and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication is discussed. (See. One problem is that the pus found in rabbit abscesses is thick, about the consistency of toothpaste, and does not drain easily when the abscess is opened. Retrobulbar abscess may be distinguished from other causes of exophthalmos on the basis of its acute onset, pain, and often pyrexia. background: #ddd; He has a retrobulbar abscess which we will be removing soon but I've noticed that recently there began to appear egg-shaped droppings. Atlantic Coast Veterinary Conference 2001, Advances in diagnosis and treatment of small exotic mammal dental disease, Clinical aspects of lagomorph dental anatomy: the rabbit (, A review of clinical conditions in pet rabbits associated with their teeth, Calcium deficiency, diet and dental disease in pet rabbits, Parathyroid hormone, haematological and biochemical parameters in relation to dental disease and husbandry in rabbits, Soft tissue surgery and dental procedures, Endoscopic assessment and treatment of cheek teeth malocclusion in pet rabbits, Endoscopy as an aid to the examination and treatment of oropharyngeal disease of small herbivorous mammals, Diagnosis and management of a retrobulbar abscess of periapical origin in a domestic rabbit, Microbiological and molecular analysis of endodontic infections, The use of calcium hydroxide in the treatment of abscesses in the cheek of the rabbit resulting from a dental periapical disorder, Peridontal bacteria in rabbit mandibular and maxillary abscesses, Ophthalmologic diseases in small pet mammals, Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, Departments of Anatomy and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, COPYRIGHT ASSIGNMENT AND Before Euthanasia - The process and what actually happens. Orbital abscess as a complication of odontogenic infection. The bacteria can hitch a ride on such objects. For more information visit: https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/about/about-cabi-digital-library, Why not join our research panel and help shape the future of CABI Digital Library? Corneal diseases of rabbits. Crossley DA. Baumgartner JC. CAB Direct Ward ML. The edges of the lytic bone were curetted back to healthy tissue, creating Accessed Dec 6, 2007. Abscesses result from damage to the skin, followed by the attack of pyogenic microorganisms or fungi that leads to cell destruction and invasion deeper in the tissue. If your library has implemented LibKey you will see in-line links on Search Results and the Abstract pageto connect you seamlessly with your librarys subscription access to the article. She will remin on the antibiotics for some time and we will keep a close watch for future abscesses. Below is a discussion on what can cause this problem and what we can do about. margin: 0; The link was not copied. If you're going to write an article, you're going to use the pic that's the most obvious and disgusting so that it is very clear what the rabbit's problem was and to encourage people to get their animals treated sooner rather than later. Ultrasound to examine the "ocular and periocular tissues will help identify a retrobulbar abscess." Finally, aspiration using a fine needle can help rule out other conditions such as neoplasia (abnormal tissue growth. The .gov means its official. With the finally correct diagnosis, Holy has improved, her breathing got better. Verstraete FJM. The course of antimicrobial treatment was consequently extended until complete clinical remission was observed. In many cases, enucleation is required to access the diseased tissues. Jan 22, 2013. Physical and ophthalmic examinations 6 months after the surgery yielded no remarkable findings, and the rabbit weighed 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) and had a body condition score of 3/5. Most rabbit abscess cases will require the use of oral or injectable antibiotics. Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of dental disease in pet rabbits, Pharmocokinetics of penicillin-G in serum and nasal washing of, Selected drug dosages and clinical reference data, Malocclusions in guinea pigs, chinchillas and rabbits, . It is possible that this was a retrobulbar abscess and that the dog did not start bleeding until the surgical procedure was performed. All rights reserved. Atlantic Coast Veterinary Conference 2001. Vet Rec 1996;139:567571. One year after the initial diagnosis, the rabbit was clinically normal and no further complications were reported. I'll update after her appointment. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Retrobulbar abscesses are often the result of a dental disease-associated abscessation in the maxillary premolars or molars. Rabbit Abscesses. I agree. [Fractures of the canines require attention]. In:Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, ed.Ferret, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. No matter what treatment is selected, rabbit abscesses have a higher probability of returning than abscesses in cats, dogs or humans. It could be a tumour or an abscess, but in a rabbit that latter is far more likely. Ocular ultrasonography revealed a poorly defined area of hypoechoic, flocculent-appearing material caudomedial to the left globe, most consistent with a retrobulbar abscess (Figure 2). A bacterial abscess of the tooth roots can come about rather quickly (hours-days), but other things can cause eyes to protrude (called exopthalmos), such as tumors, which grow on the order of weeks-months. 2nd ed. Dr. Martnez-Jimnez's present address is Lawndale Veterinary Hospital, 4314 Lawndale Dr, Greensboro, NC 27455. a localized purulent inflammation of tissues, involving their dissolution and the formation of a pus-containing cavity. My 5 yr. old rabbit Sophie got attacked by a great dane a couple of weeks ago. Have all lumps investigated as soon as possible by your veterinarian. Causes of exophthalmia include orbital or retroorbital abscess, cellulitis, neoplasia, hematoma, orbital cyst (including Taenia serialis cyst), retrobulbar fat prolapse, salivary mucocele, myositis, lacrimal gland disease, foreign body, granuloma, and trauma.7-10 Exophthalmia must be distinguished from buphthalmia secondary to congenital glaucoma or other diseases such as uveitis, trauma, tumors, or Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection.11,12 Retrobulbar disease is the most common cause of exophthalmia in rabbits.7,12 Retrobulbar abscesses may be the result of endodontic infection, penetrating foreign bodies, local injury, or spread of infection from the bloodstream.13, Understanding rabbit dental anatomy and physiology is essential to diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of conditions involving the oral cavity. He went in under the eye in hopes that he might be able to access the abscess without reomving the eye, but unfortunately that wasn't the case. There are many investigations that are possible to perform in order to make a diagnosis of retrobulbar abscess; the first is the a physical examination. Harcourt-Brown FM. Recommended surgical treatment of such abscesses involves complete excision of the lesion, aggressive debridement of affected bone [3], and removal of associated teeth or tooth fragments [1]. Atlantic Coast Veterinary Conference 2001. In Pract 1997;19:407421. The cavity had decreased in size and was copiously flushed with sterile saline solution and antimicrobials, as described. Diagnostic investigation revealed anemia, neutrophilia, severe dental disease, a superficial corneal ulcer of the left eye, and a retrobulbar abscess. After induction, the rabbit was intubated by use of a fiberoptic laryngoscopeg and a 2-mm uncuffed nasotracheal tube.h A 24-gauge IV catheter was placed in the cephalic vein, and 22.2 mL of half-strength lactated Ringer's solution (NaCl concentration, 0.45%) containing 2.5% dextrose was administered at 10 mL/h during the anesthetic period. All rights reserved, Permanent Link: http://www.VeterinaryPartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=503, Example: Yes, I would like to receive emails from House Rabbit Society. Jenkins JR. Rabbits. Transverse planar ultrasonographic images of the left eye and retrobulbar area in the same rabbit as in Figure 1. aImage of the left eye and retrobulbar area at the time of initial examination. The food passes from the mouth to the socket of the root developing infection that eventually becomes an abscess. Pet rabbits. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. PMC .avma_container { Semin Avian Exot Pet Med 1999;8:139141. Open in a separate window. Medical Information Search. If clinical resolution is not gained, enucleation may be performed instead. Some abscesses are formed by a foreign body such as a grass seed entering the rabbit. O'Relly A, McCowan C, Hardman C, et al. Dental abscesses also may appear as retrobulbar abscesses. Vet Ophthalmol 2002;5:227230. She is recovering well. Endod Top 2004;7:3551. Stomatoscopy should be regarded as a valuable technique that facilitates diagnosis, treatment, and serial reevaluation of dental disease. Retrobulbar and facial abscesses of periapical origin in rabbits often carry a poor prognosis [1,2]. . This case report describes a 13-month-old female neutered Netherland Dwarf rabbit that was diagnosed with a dental associated infection of the right maxillary third premolar. Oof, poor girl. In some instances, palliation was achieved with antimicrobial treatment and surgical debridement of the abscess.13 However, because rabbits form caseous exudates within thick-walled pyogenic capsules, incomplete excision often leads to recurrence.13,30 The recommended treatment for retrobulbar abscesses includes exenteration of the orbit and enucleation to allow access to and debridement of the retrobulbar space.3 Other described approaches that have been used after dental extraction and aggressive surgical debridement include packing the abscess cavity with antimicrobial suspensions, gentamicin-soaked collagen material, clindamycin powder or perforated capsules, calcium hydroxide, antimicrobial-soaked bone matrix material such as hydroxyapatite, bioactive ceramics, antimicrobial-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads, or doxycycline-containing polymer gel.8,28,31-33 There is at least 1 case report28 in which use of an endoscope facilitated surgical debridement of an abscess cavity, but in that instance, the endoscope was used extraorally. In particular, successful treatment of a retrobulbar abscess in two rabbits by the "Septopal Mini-chain" is described. Use of collagen shields for treatment of chronic bilateral corneal ulcers in a pet rabbit. This type of abscess is known as "retrobulbar abscess" leading pet owners to think there is something wrong with their pets eye, when in reality the abscess is caused by the decay on the tooth. The pus is an accumulation of dead cells from the battle to fight the infection. When the picture was taken, pressure was applied to the globe, which pushed pus out of the abscess into the mouth alongside the infected tooth. Other methods that have been used include injecting the wall of the abscess with effective antibiotics or other solutions at periodic intervals; packing the cleaned abscess cavity with gauze sponges impregnated with various products such as medical grade honey, 50% dextrose solution, antibiotics and enzyme products. It depends on the underlying cause. J Am Vet Med Assoc. Therefore, ciprofloxacin (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) was added to the treatment regimen at the time of the first recheck (2 weeks after surgery), and treatment was continued for 21 days. Bookshelf Dorsoventral (a) and right dorsalleft ventral oblique (b) radiographic views of the rabbit's head on day 16 after surgery to remove the left maxillary second molar.
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